#18: Biafra (1967–1970)
Biafra declared independence from Nigeria in 1967, triggering a devastating civil war. The secessionist state was centered in southeastern Nigeria and was driven by ethnic, political, and security fears, especially among the Igbo population after massacres and instability. The war brought famine, mass suffering, and global humanitarian attention. In 1970, Biafra surrendered and was reintegrated into Nigeria. It existed for only three years, but its memory remains painfully alive.
