We often assume that innovation—and even intelligence—is a linear process, with modern civilizations vastly out-inventing those of ancient ones. However, ancient civilizations demonstrated surprisingly innovative ways of accomplishing tasks with the limited resources and knowledge they had. Some of these inventions were the precursors to modern iterations of the technology we have today, while others are so miraculous that scientists are still studying the secrets of these early discoveries. So, if you want some appreciation for the ingenuity of our ancestors, take a peek at these ancient designs.
#1: Brain Surgery in Prehistoric Peru
Ancient Peruvian surgeons practiced trephination—cutting holes in the skull to treat injuries or illness—over 2,300 years ago. Remarkably, nearly 70% of patients survived this brain surgery, showing they had effective tools, techniques, and maybe even anesthesia. Despite lacking modern medical knowledge, these early surgeons understood anatomy well enough to perform complex cranial procedures with real success.
